Help:Footnotes

For the official guideline on citing sources, see Wikipedia:Citing sources.

This page explains how to create Footnotes in articles. In this context, Footnotes are a Wikipedia specific manner of including sources and should not be confused with the general concept of footnotes. This how-to does not cover the formatting of citations.

Footnotes are used most commonly to provide references (bibliographic citations) to reliable sources in articles, explanatory information, and source information for tables and other elements. The use of Footnotes is not required by any policy or guideline, and other systems of inline citation, including Shortened footnotes and Parenthetical referencing, may be used at the editors' discretion in accordance with the guideline on variation in citation methods.

Only certain types of material on the English Wikipedia are required to have an inline citation to a reliable source. There is no requirement to provide a citation for every sentence, because multiple sentences may be supported by the same footnote. For advice on which material should be cited, see the guidelines on when you must use inline citations, the good article criteria and when to cite. For advice on how to organize and format bibliographic citations to reliable sources, see the guideline on citing sources and examples of citation templates.

Footnotes are created using the Cite software extension. This extension adds the HTML-like elements <ref>...</ref>, <references /> and <references>...</references>. The elements are also used in a number of templates; for example, it is becoming more common to use {{reflist}} rather than <references /> as it can style the reference list.

Overview

The Footnotes system shows two elements on the page:

• Footnote markers show in the content as a superscripted footnote label enclosed in brackets. The footnote label shows as a number, letter or word. The footnote label is linked to the full footnote with a matching label. Examples: . Clinking on the footnote marker jumps to the footnote and highlights the citation.
• A Footnote contains the full citation and shows in a list wherever the reference list markup is placed. Footnotes are formatted in an ordered reference list with each entry starting with the footnote label in plain text. The entire reference list is formatted in a slightly smaller font.

Each successive footnote label is automatically incremented. Thus the first footnote marker would be , the second would be and so on. Custom labels are also incremented: , .

For a single use footnote, the label is followed by a caret (^) that is a backlink to the matching footnote marker. For example:

If a named footnote is used in the text multiple times, then the footnote has multiple backlinks shown as letters:

Clicking on the backlink or pressing backspace ← returns to the footnote marker.

Footnotes in action

This is a footnote marker.

Footnote markers: the basics

To create the footnote marker, determine the point in the page content where the marker is desired and enter the markup with the citation or note inside the <ref>...</ref> tags. For example:

Markup	Renders as
This is page content.<ref>LibreOffice For Starters, First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</ref> {{reflist}}	This is page content.

The {{reflist}} template will be explained in the next section.

The content inside the <ref>...</ref> will show in the reference list. The ref tags can be added anywhere a citation or note is needed. There must be content inside the tags, else an error will show.

The content of the ref tags can be formatted using most wikimarkup or HTML markup, although techniques such as the pipe trick and template substitution, will not work in footnotes. For example:

Markup	Renders as
This is page content.<ref>''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</ref> {{reflist}}	This is page content.

The ref tag content may also contain an internal or external link:

Markup	Renders as
This is page content.<ref>''[http://www.example.or LibreOffice For Starters]'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</ref> {{reflist}}	This is page content.

URLs must begin with a supported URI scheme. http:// and https:// will be supported by all browsers; however, ftp://, gopher://, irc://, ircs://, mailto: and news: may require a plug-in or an external application and should normally be avoided. IPv6 host-names are currently not supported.

If URLs in citation template parameters contain certain characters, then they will not display and link correctly. Those characters need to be percent-encoded. For example, a space must be replaced by %20. To encode the URL, replace the following characters with:

space	"	'	<	>	[	]	{	|	}
%20	%22	%27	%3C	%3E	%5B	%5D	%7B	%7C	%7D

Single apostrophes do not need to be encoded; however, unencoded multiples will be parsed as italic or bold markup. Single curly closing braces also do not need to be encoded; however, an unencoded pair will be parsed as the double closing braces for the template transclusion.

Reference lists: the basics

Once any number of footnotes have been inserted into the content, the reference list must be generated. For the basic reference list, add {{reflist}} wherever the list is desired. Once the page is saved and viewed, the footnotes will be automatically generated and numbered and the reference list will be generated. The main reference list is placed in a separate section, usually titled "References", "Notes" or the like.

Markup	Renders as
This is page content.<ref>''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</ref> ==References== {{reflist}}	This is page content. References

When editing, <references /> may been seen instead of {{reflist}}. This is valid, but <references /> does not offer the advanced features of {{reflist}}.

Multiple references to the same footnote

You can cite the same source more than once on a page by using named footnotes. The syntax to define a named footnote is:

<ref name=name>content</ref>

To invoke the named footnote:

<ref name=name />

Names for footnotes and groups must follow these rules:

• Names are case-sensitive. Please do not use raNdOM capitalization.
• Names must not be purely numeric; the software will accept something like ":1" (which is punctuation plus a number), but it will ignore "1" (purely numeric).
• Names should have semantic value, so that they can be more easily distinguished from each other by human editors who are looking at the wikitext. This means that ref names like "Nguyen 2010" are preferred to names like ":1".
• Names must be unique. You may not use the same name to define different groups or footnotes.
• Please consider keeping reference names simple and restricted to the standard English alphabet and numerals. Failing that, if spaces are used, the following technical restrictions become relevant:
  • Quotation marks are preferred but optional if the only characters used are letters A–Z, a–z, digits 0–9, and the symbols !$%&()*,-.:;<@[]^_`{|}~. That is, all printable ASCII characters except #"'/=>?\.
  • Inclusion of any other characters, including spaces, requires that the reference name be enclosed in quotes; for example, name="John Smith".
  • The quote marks must be the standard, straight, double quotation marks ("); curly or other quotes will be parsed as part of the reference name.
  • Quote-enclosed reference names may not include a less-than sign (<) or a double straight quote symbol ("). These may be escaped with < and ", respectively.
• You may optionally provide reference names even when the reference name is not required. This makes later re-use of the sourced reference easier.

Markup	Renders as
This is page content.<ref name=manchester2002>''LibreOffice for Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</ref> This is more content.<ref name=manchester2002 /> {{reflist}}	This is page content. This is more content.

The actual name used can be most anything, but it is recommended that it have a connection to the citation or note. A major practice is to use the author-year or publisher-year for the reference name.

Note that the footnote labels are incremented in the order they are used, and that they use the same label when reused, thus the labels can seem out of order:

Markup	Renders as
This is page content.<ref name=manchester2002>''LibreOffice for Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</ref> This is more content.<ref name=lexington2004>''OpenOffice for Experts'', Lexington, 2004, p. 18</ref> And even more content.<ref name=manchester2002 /> And again.<ref name=lexington2004 /> {{reflist}}	This is page content. This is more content. And even more content. And again.

RefToolbar

File:Cite web named ref 01.png

Using the citation toolbar to name the first reference.

File:Citation toolbar named ref.png

Using the citation toolbar to insert additional references to the first source.

You can use the citation toolbar to name references. When you first create a reference, you can enter a value in the "Ref name" box. When you want to reuse this reference, click the "Named references" button on the citation toolbar and choose which reference you would like to insert.

List-defined references

Main page: Help:List-defined references

In order to make the article text easier to read in the edit window, particularly in sections with many citations, editors may decide to write all footnotes in the shorter "named" form. This can be done using the list-defined references function, where the content of the references is defined within the reference list, rather than in the article text. The syntax is as follows:

Markup	Renders as
The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.<ref name="LazyDog" /> <references> <ref name="LazyDog">This is the lazy dog reference.</ref> </references>	The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.

This can also be done using the {{Reflist}} template with a |refs= parameter:

Markup	Renders as
The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.<ref name="LazyDog" /> Amazingly few discotheques provide jukeboxes.<ref name="Jukeboxes" /> How razorback-jumping frogs can level six piqued gymnasts.<ref name="JumpingFrogs" /> ==References== {{Reflist| refs= <ref name="LazyDog">This is the lazy dog reference.</ref> <ref name="Jukeboxes">This is the jukeboxes reference.</ref> <ref name="JumpingFrogs">This is the jumping frogs reference.</ref> }}	The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. Amazingly few discothèques provide jukeboxes. How razorback-jumping frogs can level six piqued gymnasts. References

The references will appear numbered in the order that they are referred to in the text, regardless of how they are ordered within the reflist/references template. References which are list-defined but unused (that is, are not in the text) will show a cite error message.

If it becomes necessary to convert references from the list-defined to the inline format or vice versa, the page Converting between references formats documents procedures for doing so.

What it looks like

When a page with footnotes is displayed in a browser, the <ref> tags in the main text are converted to auto-numbered superscripts, like this:

Clicking on a numbered superscript takes you straight to the text of the corresponding footnote. (The Template:Fake citation needed item is not a footnote marker; it is produced by the {{fact}} template, used to indicate a point where a reference ought to be provided.)

The <references /> tag or {{Reflist}} template is expanded to show the text of the footnotes against their corresponding numbers, like this:

For single-reference footnotes, clicking on the caret Template:Dummy backlink takes you back to the footnote marker in the main text. For multiple-reference footnotes, the links back to the main text are distinguished by letter superscripts Template:Dummy backlink. Clicking on a letter superscript takes you to the corresponding marker in the main text.

Previewing edits

When you edit a single section of a page, the footnotes list will not be visible when you preview your edits. Thus you ordinarily cannot see how your footnotes will later appear when you save your edits.

You can insert a {{Reflist}} into the edited section temporarily and remove it before saving; you will still not be able to see named references which were defined in other sections.

Tools that can be used are the User:Anomie/ajaxpreview.js script or the wikEd gadget.

Grouping footnotes

See also: Template:efn

Sometimes it is useful to group the footnotes into separate lists, for example to separate explanatory notes from references, or to list references for tables, image captions, infoboxes and navboxes. This can be accomplished with the group attribute. The sequence of footnote labels is independent in each group.

Editor-defined groups

Footnotes that do not use the group attribute have plain automatic numbers for their labels. When the group attibute is used, in-text footnote labels are formed from the group name, a space and the automatic number. However the labels in the footnote list entries just use the numbers without the prefix.

Markup	Renders as
This part of the text requires clarification,<ref group="note">Listed separately from the citation</ref> whereas the entire text is cited.<ref>Citation.</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist|group=note}} ==References== {{Reflist}}	This part of the text requires clarification, whereas the entire text is cited. Notes References

Predefined groups

For technical details, see Help:Cite link labels.

There are several predefined group names that apply a style to the footnote labels and to the reference list:

The in-text footnote is defined using one of the group names, for example:

<ref group=lower-alpha>Footnote 1</ref>

The reference list is invoked using {{Reflist}} with the group name. The group name must not be enclosed by quotes. For example:

Markup	Renders as
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.<ref group=lower-alpha>Footnote 1</ref> Cconsectetur adipisicing elit.<ref group=lower-alpha name=footnote2>Footnote 2</ref>. Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.<ref group=lower-alpha name=footnote2 /> {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}	Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet. Cconsectetur adipisicing elit. Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.

Issues

• Backlink labels are always styled as lower-alpha. This can be confusing when the footnotes are also labelled alphabetically.
• The entries in the reference list will show the default decimal styling if:
  • The value for |group= does not exactly match one of the predefined values.
  • The value for |group= is enclosed by quotes.
  • {{Reflist}} is indented with the : markup.
  • <references /> is used instead of {{Reflist}}
• The entries in the reference list will have no styling if:
  • A reference is included in {{navbox}} or one of the variants and the style is set to bodyclass=hlist; to resolve this, replace the style with listclass=hlist.

Multiple reference lists

It is possible to include multiple instances of the reference list markup <references /> or {{Reflist}} on a page, if a parameter is used, such as: {{Reflist|close}}. Care must be taken to ensure that multiple reference lists are closed so that the references intended for one list do not appear in another list. To close the reference list markup, simply use any parameter in the reference list markup. Normally different reference lists would use different groups, so the reference list markup will be closed.

In the example below, the reference list markup is unclosed, and the reference list is repeated in the two subsequent lists, and the third in-text footnote marker number is rendered incorrectly as "^[2]":

Markup	Renders as
This is a line of text with a reftag.<ref>Reference 1</ref> {{Reflist}} This is a 2nd line with another footnote, containing "B" inside, but shows "1". <ref>Reference B</ref> {{Reflist}} This is a third line and has a footnote with "C" inside, but still shows "Reference 1". <ref>Source C</ref> {{Reflist}}	This is a line of text with a reftag. This is a 2nd line with another footnote, containing "B" inside, but shows "1". This is a third line and has a footnote with "C" inside, but still shows "Reference 1".

To prevent this and close references so that they are not rendered incorrectly, the reference list markup must include any parameter, such as "|group=" or "|refs=" or a column parameter. If parameters are not desired, a dummy parameter may be used, by convention "|close". For example:

Markup	Renders as
This is a line of text with a reftag.<ref>Reference 1</ref> {{Reflist|close}} This is a 2nd line, but has {{Reflist|close}}, with another footnote, containing "B" inside.<ref>Reference B</ref> {{Reflist|close}} This is a third line and has a footnote with "C" inside, which now displays in the footnote list. <ref>Source C</ref> {{Reflist|close}}	This is a line of text with a reftag. This is a 2nd line, but has {{Reflist|close}}, with another footnote, containing "B" inside. This is a third line and has a footnote with "C" inside, which now displays in the footnote list.

Embedding references within footnotes

Explanatory notes may need to be referenced. Due to limitations in the Cite software, reference tags cannot be nested—a set of <ref>...</ref> tags cannot be placed inside another pair of <ref>...</ref> tags; attempting to do so will result in a cite error.

The magic word #tag:ref may be used to nest references. The markup is:

{{#tag:ref|refcontent|name=name|group=groupname}}

Where refcontent may include <ref>...</ref> tags. The name and groupname are optional, but must come after refcontent. If the groupname is not specified, then the main and nested references will be rendered into the same reference list. Attempting to use #tag:ref more than once within list-defined references will result in a cite error.

Example:

Markup	Renders as
The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{#tag:ref|A footnote.<ref>A reference for the footnote.</ref>|group="nb"}} ==Notes== {{Reflist|group="nb"}} ==References== {{Reflist}}	The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. Notes References

The syntax of #tag:ref is not obvious, as parameters must come after the content; {{refn}} may be used in place of the #tag:ref markup.

Markup	Renders as
The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{refn|group="nb"|A footnote.<ref>A reference for the footnote.</ref>}} ==Notes== {{Reflist|group="nb"}} ==References== {{Reflist}}	The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. Notes References

Similarly, {{efn}} can simplify the usage of {{refn}}.

Explanatory notes

For Shortened footnotes with explanatory footnotes, see Help:Shortened footnotes § Explanatory notes.

Most footnotes are citations, which identify sources. Another kind of footnote is an explanatory footnote which is a comment that would be too detailed or too awkward to include in the body of the article. The Wikipedia Manual of style does not mandate a layout for explanatory footnotes at the bottom of the article, and in fact provides for several approaches that are acceptable. An important factor whether or not Shortened footnotes are used or not. Here are some common approaches to laying out the footnotes.

A

This example uses standard footnotes with all citations and explanatory notes in a single Notes sections:

Markup	Renders as
The Sun is pretty big.<ref>Miller, ''The Sun'', Oxford, 2005, p. 23. But Miller points out that the Sun is not as large as some other stars.</ref> But the Moon<ref>The Moon goes by other names, such as Selena - see, for example Brown, ''The Moon'', 2006, Penguin, p 623.</ref> is not so big.<ref>Brown, ''The Moon'', 2006, Penguin, p. 46. Historically the Moon was not always considered to be large. For a discussion, see Miller, ''The Sun'', Oxford, 2005, p 411.</ref> The Sun is also quite hot.<ref>Smith, ''The Universe'', Random House, 2005, p. 334.</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}}	The Sun is pretty big. But the Moon is not so big. The Sun is also quite hot. Notes

B

This example uses Shortened footnotes with a References section and combines explanatory notes and citations in a Notes section:

Markup	Renders as
The Sun is pretty big.<ref>Miller, p. 23. But Miller points out that the Sun is not as large as some other stars.</ref> But the Moon<ref>The Moon goes by other names, such as Selena - see, for example Brown, p 623.</ref> is not so big.<ref>Brown, p. 46. Historically the Moon was not always considered to be large. For a discussion, see Miller, p 411.</ref> The Sun is also quite hot.<ref>Smith, p. 334.</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * Brown, ''The Moon'', Penguin. 2001. * Miller, ''The Sun'', Oxford, 2005. * Smith, ''The Universe'', Random House, 2005.	The Sun is pretty big. But the Moon is not so big. The Sun is also quite hot. Notes References Brown, The Moon, Penguin. 2001. Miller, The Sun, Oxford, 2005. Smith, The Universe, Random House, 2005.

C

This example uses list-defined references mixed with explanatory notes.

Markup	Renders as
The Sun is pretty big.<ref name=Foot01/> But the Moon<ref name=Foot02/> is not so big.<ref name=Foot03/> The Sun is also quite hot.<ref name=Foot04/> ==Notes== {{reflist|refs= <ref name=Foot01>Miller, ''The Sun'', Oxford, 2005, p. 23. But Miller points out that the Sun is not as large as some other stars.</ref> <ref name=Foot02>The Moon goes by other names, such as Selena - see, for example Jones, ''The Solar System'', MacMillan, 2005, p 623.</ref> <ref name=Foot03>Brown, ''The Moon'', 2006, Penguin, p. 46. Historically the Moon was not always considered to be large, see, for example Peterson, ''Astronomy'', MacMillan, 2005, p 623.</ref> <ref name=Foot04>Smith, ''The Universe'', Random House, 2005, p. 334.</ref> }}	The Sun is pretty big. But the Moon is not so big. The Sun is also quite hot. Notes

D

This example uses list-defined references and creates a separate notes section by using group names.

Markup	Renders as
The Sun is pretty big.<ref name=Foot01/><ref group=Note name=Note01/> But the Moon<ref group=Note name=Note02/> is not so big.<ref name=Foot02/><ref group=Note name=Note03/> The Sun is also quite hot.<ref name=Foot03/> ==Notes== {{reflist|group=Note|refs= <ref name=Note01>But Miller points out that the Sun is not as large as some other stars.</ref> <ref name=Note02>The Moon goes by other names, such as Selena.</ref> <ref name=Note03>Historically the Moon was not always considered to be large.</ref> }} ==References== {{reflist|refs= <ref name=Foot01>Miller, ''The Sun'', Oxford, 2005, p. 23.</ref> <ref name=Foot02>Brown, ''The Moon'', 2006, Penguin, p. 46.</ref> <ref name=Foot03>Smith, ''The Universe'', Random House, 2005, p. 334.</ref> }}	The Sun is pretty big. But the Moon is not so big. The Sun is also quite hot. Notes References

E

This example is similar as the previous one above, except that it allows references embedded within footnotes.

Markup	Renders as
The Sun is pretty big.<ref name=Miller2005/>{{efn|But the Sun is not as large as some other stars.<ref name=Miller2005/>}} But the Moon{{efn|The Moon goes by other names, such as Selena.<ref name=Jones2005/>}} is not so big.<ref name=Brown2006/>{{efn|Historically the Moon was not always considered to be large.<ref name=Peterson2005/>}} The Sun is also quite hot.<ref name=Smith2005/> ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist|refs= <ref name=Miller2005>Miller, ''The Sun'', Oxford, 2005, p. 23.</ref> <ref name=Jones2005>Jones, ''The Solar System'', MacMillan, 2005, p 623.</ref> <ref name=Peterson2005>Peterson, ''Astronomy'', MacMillan, 2005, p 623.</ref> <ref name=Brown2006>Brown, ''The Moon'', 2006, Penguin, p. 46.</ref> <ref name=Smith2005>Smith, ''The Universe'', Random House, 2005, p. 334.</ref> }}	The Sun is pretty big. But the Moon is not so big. The Sun is also quite hot. Notes References

Citing one book repeatedly with different page numbers

Main page: Help:References and page numbers

Suppose you would like to cite one book, but different facts appear on different pages. You would like to cite the book again and again, but point each fact to the proper page. Suppose one fact is on page 8, a different fact on page 12, a third fact on page 18, a fourth fact on page 241. You could put a line in the "pages" parameter saying "see pages 8, 12, 18, 241" but a fact-checker might have to check all of them before figuring out the right one. Or, you could duplicate the entire citation for the book in each instance, but that would be redundant. One common approach is to use shortened citations, which requires the use of a References section following the footnotes section. Another approach is to attach a {{rp|8}} right after the reference pointer.Template:Listref and replace the "8" with the appropriate page number.

For example:

Markup	Renders as
Schudson said the Constitution shaped citizenship in fundamental ways.<ref name="Schudson">{{Cite book | last = Schudson | first = Michael | title = The Good Citizen: A Brief History of American Civic Life | publisher = Simon & Schuster | date = 1998 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=aawMAQAAMAAJ | isbn =0-684-82729-8 }}</ref>{{rp|8}} But elections in early American politics did not generate much interest<ref name="Schudson"/>{{rp|12}} while "open discussion of differences" was generally avoided.<ref name="Schudson"/>{{rp|18}} Citizenship later shifted to a polity of essentially "self-absorbed citizens", according to his analysis.<ref name="Schudson"/>{{rp|241}}	Schudson said the Constitution shaped citizenship in fundamental ways. But elections in early American politics did not generate much interest while "open discussion of differences" was generally avoided. Citizenship later shifted to a polity of essentially "self-absorbed citizens", according to his analysis. References

When using list-defined references, {{r}} can be used for the same style of in-text page references.

Limitations

• Templates can not be substituted within <ref>...</ref> tags. {{subst:foo}} will remain as-is.
• <ref> tags can not be nested. See #Embedding references within footnotes above for solution.

See also

• Template:Harvard citation#Using CITEREF directly and {{sfnref}}
• Wikipedia:Citing sources/Further considerations—a how-to article with some additional considerations for citing sources
• Wikipedia:Help desk—to ask questions about using footnotes in articles if you were not able to find the information you need on this help page.